Modern solar panels, or photovoltaic (PV) panels, are the primary components of solar energy systems, converting light energy into electricity. But what exactly are solar panels made of? Let’s explore the materials used in solar panel manufacturing and how they work together to capture the sun’s energy.
The magic of solar cells
Most solar panels are made from pure silicon (or other semiconductor material), the second most abundant element on Earth. Silicon enables the photovoltaic effect, which efficiently converts sunlight into clean energy. This is where the term PV cell, or photovoltaic cell, comes from.
Crystalline silicon solar cells are created by slicing a silicon ingot into thin sheets, producing silicon wafers. These panels are doped with other elements to create a positive-negative (P-N) junction. When sunlight hits the cells, it dislodges electrons, generating an electric current.
The main silicon solar cell types are:
Monocrystalline solar panels
Created from a single crystal structure, monocrystalline solar cells are the most efficient solar panels available. Although monocrystalline solar panel production is more costly, these cells perform better in low irradiance conditions. The high efficiency of monocrystalline silicon cells is why Solar Group primarily uses them for solar installations.
Polycrystalline solar panels
Polycrystalline silicon cells comprise several silicon crystals and are less efficient than monocrystalline cells. The manufacturing process involves melting multiple silicon crystals and forming them into wafers. Polycrystalline solar cells are more affordable and deliver a solid electrical power output under high-temperature conditions.
Thin-film solar panels
Solar panel manufacturers also use thin-film panels. These panels have a thin layer of photovoltaic (PV) coating on a backing material, such as glass, metal or plastic.
The most common PV coatings used are:
- Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
- Cadmium telluride (CdTe)
- Copper indium gallium selenide (CIS/CIGS)
Thin-film solar cells are not widely used in New Zealand and generally have a lower efficiency (approximately 10-12%).
Components of solar panels
Silicon layers
The manufacturing process combines silicons with different elements that help produce a greater electrical current, thus creating more efficient panels. These silicon-impurity combinations are split into two layers.
The top layer (N-type silicon) is doped with phosphorus, creating a negative charge, while the bottom layer (P-type silicon) is mixed with boron, resulting in a positive charge. The interaction between these layers is crucial for DC electricity generation.
The protective glass coating
Solar panels must endure the elements. The uppermost solar panel layer features tempered glass with an anti-reflective coating. This glass casing shields the solar cells from damage and maximises sunlight absorption.
The back sheet and frame
The back sheet provides insulation and protection, while an aluminium frame offers structural support. A solar module junction box on the rear accommodates electrical components and diodes, ensuring optimal solar panel performance.
Busbars and wires
These components are made from silver, copper, or aluminium and conduct electricity between the solar cells and the solar inverter.
Experience the transformative technology of renewable energy from solar panels with Solar Group today
Now that you understand solar technology better, take the first step towards harnessing the power of the sun for your home or business. Solar Group offers a free analysis tool that provides a personalised assessment of your property’s solar potential and a customised quote for a solar energy system.
By choosing solar power, you can reduce your reliance on fossil fuels, lower your carbon footprint, and significantly cut your electricity costs. Join the growing number of homes and businesses embracing this transformative technology and invest in a brighter future for our planet.
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