If you’re wondering where to start when prioritising fabrics to buy, or aren’t sure how some of the most popular materials today rank for their sustainability, then bookmark this guide that explains all you need to know.
Table of contents |
How sustainable are our clothes?
A lot of a garment’s sustainability comes down to what it is made from. Fabrics are one of humanity’s oldest technologies, and some of them chew up enormous amounts of resources as they are transformed from raw materials into the clothes, shoes, and accessories that we wear.
Depending on its raw materials and manufacturing, the life cycle of a fabric can use various resources, from oil, land, and water, to pesticides, chemical agents, and dyes. Just think: how does that fluffy cotton, knobbly wood, and gooey oil end up as the smooth, soft, colourful fabrics that make up your favourite garment? And then there are all the people whose hands that manipulate those fabrics before they end up in yours—they’re also impacted by the manufacturing processes and resources used.
No matter where you are on your ethical fashion journey, being informed about the impact of what your clothes, shoes, and accessories are made of is a fantastic tool to have in your (responsibly-made) belt.
With new materials emerging all the time, and industry standards shifting for more familiar ones, we know it can be overwhelming trying to figure out which fabrics are up to scratch ethically and are worth investing in as a conscious consumer.
Choose materials based on your values
We appreciate that materials and fibres in fashion is a complex issue. Through our research, we found there is no established hierarchy of sustainability for materials in the fashion industry, and very limited comparable data (eg Life Cycle Analysis). What is clear is that every single material on the market today has some sort of trade off and impact on the planet and a mixture of preferred materials is needed going forward.
At Good On You, we do our best to make sense of the complex materials world by independently analysing the information that is out there and consulting with industry experts. We recognise that the impacts of a given material can vary based on where and how it was produced. We also welcome all the innovation around novel materials. But as always, we are looking for solid science to assess them against all the main areas of environmental impact.
Our list of more more responsible materials is not static and is constantly evolving as more research and data comes to light.
We believe that you are the final decision maker when choosing materials for yourself. Figure out what is most important to you and let information guide your process.
Of course, materials are not the only issue a brand should be addressing. For example, a brand using organic cotton but not addressing greenhouse gas emissions in the supply chain, textile waste, or labour rights issues is far from best practice. But using lower-impact materials is a good base upon which to build a responsible brand.
To learn more about our process for ranking brands and materials, be sure to check out our How We Rate page
This infographic shows, in no hierarchical order, some of the most common lower-impact materials you can expect to see on the market today.
A note on ‘natural’ fibres
Before we begin, let’s clear up one common misconception. Often, so-called “natural” fibres are neither natural nor necessarily more sustainable. As we’ll learn below, conventional cotton production can be an environmentally harmful agricultural activity. And that’s before we even look at how cotton is transformed into cloth. Be mindful of brands greenwashing by claiming their clothes are “all natural” when that doesn’t necessarily mean they are taking any steps to source fabrics that are made with people, the planet, and animals in mind.
Plant-based materials
Cotton
Soft, light, and breathable, cotton is a fibre often associated with quality clothing and can be found in many wardrobe staples such as jeans and t-shirts. It has the advantage of being entirely biodegradable when not blended with synthetic fibres or treated with dyes or chemicals.
However, conventional cotton (GMO and otherwise) is an extremely thirsty crop with the highest market share of insecticides measured by sales and is often associated with child slavery and forced labour. The process of turning cotton balls into soft or shiny coloured cloth uses a vast array of chemical processes for treating, dyeing, printing, and finishing.
Organic cotton addresses many of the problems of conventional cotton. It’s grown without the use of pesticides, from seeds that have not been genetically modified. Organic farming practices avoid using harmful chemicals while aiming for environmental sustainability and the use of fewer resources. Chemical-free agricultural land stays fertile much longer than land hampered by the constant use of pesticides, so organic cotton farmers generally have a longer lifespan than otherwise. Organic cotton is overall better than regular cotton for the planet and people.
Our verdict:
Avoid traditionally farmed cotton and opt instead for recycled cotton or organic cotton. You can check for certifications that cotton has been produced in a more sustainable way, including Better Cotton and Cotton made in Africa.
Note, however, that past stories have revealed issues with some organic cotton certifications, with “one half and four-fifths of what is being sold as organic cotton from India” not being genuine, according to Crispin Argento in the New York Times. So be careful and check how the organic cotton was certified.
Denim
And what about denim? Denim is made from cotton, so you can check the fibre’s credentials above. But on top of that, most denim is dyed with synthetic indigo, which presents a range of environmental and labour rights issues including local waterway pollution and health impacts for workers. As for “distressed” denim, the look is achieved through a controversial technique called sandblasting, which poses significant health risks to workers as the fine dust particles can lodge themselves in people’s lungs.
Denim can sometimes be made from a blend of cotton and elastane to give the fabric stretch, but since blended fabrics are much harder to recycle, it’s worth choosing pure cotton, or Tencel Lyocell (which is growing in its popularity for denim production), instead.
Our verdict:
Denim production can have serious social and environmental consequences. However, this is not the way it has to be. There are more sustainable denim brands, both big and small, that are committed to people and the planet. The best way to reduce the footprint of your denim purchase is to look for secondhand options, denim made from certified organic cotton, and with more sustainable indigo dye alternatives.
Hemp
Hemp, from the cannabis plant, is a type of “bast fibre”, which means it’s one of a number of fibres derived from the stems of plants. It is one of the most sustainable crops that requires little water and no pesticides—however, only organic hemp guarantees that no harsh chemicals are used. The fabric has various intrinsic advantages such as keeping you warm in winter, cool in summer, and even protecting you from UV rays. The fibre produced from pure hemp is similar to linen in texture.
Our verdict:
Hemp is a far better option than similar fabrics like conventional cotton, and organic hemp is top shelf.
Linen
Linen is one of the most biodegradable and stylish fabrics in fashion history. It is strong, naturally moth resistant, and made from flax plant fibres, so it is fully biodegradable when untreated (ie not dyed). Linen can withstand high temperatures, and it absorbs moisture without holding bacteria. In fact, it’s actually stronger when wet than dry and becomes softer and more pliable the more it’s washed.
Our verdict:
Linen is one of the better options on the market—just be sure to purchase garments in its naturally occurring shades of ivory, ecru, tan, and grey, and especially avoid bright white linen, which has to go through an intensive bleaching process. Go for organic linen, one of our top-ranked materials, to ensure no harmful chemicals were used in production.
Modal
Modal is a type of man-made cellulosic fibre (MMCF) derived from wood pulp, usually from beech trees. Breathable and silky smooth to the touch, Modal is around 50% more water-absorbent per unit volume than cotton. Boasting similar properties to other cellulose fibres like TENCEL Lyocell and viscose, it’s designed to absorb dye and stay colourfast when washed in warm water, making it a popular choice in the manufacture of underwear and activewear alike. It is also technically biodegradable and can be recycled, according to Textile Exchange.
Today, one of the best-known producers of Modal is the Austrian company Lenzing AG, which now markets its version under the name TENCEL Modal (previously Lenzing Modal). TENCEL Modal is protected by a global certification system which is registered worldwide, and while its production process is more sustainable, they do not produce ready-to-wear fabrics. Instead, Lenzing sells fibre to mills and others who use the yarns to make fabric and other goods, which means it could be mixed with less responsible fabrics before turning into your next clothing purchase.
Our verdict:
Be sure to choose brands with transparent production processes to make sure you’re making the most ethical choice. Rest easy if the brand can assure you that their fabric is made from 100% TENCEL Modal.
TENCEL Lyocell
TENCEL is actually a brand name used by the Austrian company Lenzing AG. TENCEL Lyocell is a cellulose fibre (another MMCF) that is made by dissolving wood pulp, usually from eucalyptus, oak, and birch trees. After chemical treatment, the lengths of fibre are spun into yarn and woven into a breathable cloth suitable for activewear, dresses, blouses, and more. Lenzing has built TENCEL’s reputation by sourcing its wood and pulp from certified and controlled sources like responsibly-managed plantations and ensuring TENCEL is made in a closed loop system, meaning that the chemical solvent is recycled time and time again to produce new fibres and minimise harmful waste. Lenzing Group says its Lyocell fibre’s solvent recovery rate is 99%. Lenzing also uses its TENCEL brand to apply to its modal fibre as well (see modal above).
In recent years, TENCEL has developed its Refibra technology, which allows the company to create a variant of TENCEL Lyocell. The raw material used in the manufacture of TENCEL Lyocell with Refibra technology is 70% wood pulp, and 30% cellulose derived from pre-consumer and post-consumer cotton scraps which would otherwise be sent to landfills or incinerated.
Our verdict:
TENCEL Lyocell is a good replacement for cotton or silk in everything from shirts to underwear. It’s breathable, absorbs moisture, and is soft on the skin. It’s also technically biodegradable and can be recycled. Opt for TENCEL over viscose and rayon, which are typically less sustainable.
Viscose/Rayon
Viscose is both derived from the “cellulose” or wood pulp from fast growing, regenerative trees such as eucalyptus, beech, and pine, and sometimes plants such as bamboo, soy, and sugar cane. This cellulose material is dissolved in a chemical solution to produce a pulpy viscous substance, which is then spun into fibres that can then be made into threads.
Despite being a plant-based fibre, there are some big problems with viscose. It’s now one of the most popular fibres for making clothing—with production rapidly increasing thanks to fast fashion—and so the global demand for viscose is huge. It has become a significant cause of deforestation and in particular, of endangered or ancient forests. What’s more, viscose production leads to chemicals being dumped into lakes and waterways causing harm to lives and livelihoods.
Our verdict:
Look out for brands that use only FSC-certified forest inputs or work with the Canopy NGO. Note that while FSC only looks at the management of the world’s forests, a huge amount of hazardous chemicals can still be used in production. ECOVERO is another type of viscose, which is made using wood from controlled sources. Alternatives to viscose include TENCEL Lyocell (closed loop capture of chemicals).
And if a brand isn’t upfront about the production status of its viscose, give it a miss.
Cupro
Cupro, sometimes described as “regenerated cellulose”, is a fabric made from cotton waste. It is type of man-made cellulosic fibre (MMCF) that’s made using the tiny silky cotton fibres, known as linter, that stick out of the cottonseed and are too small to spin. The linter is dissolved into a cuprammonium solution, which is a mixture of copper and ammonium, dropped into caustic soda, then spun into fibre.
Our verdict:
The positives of cupro are that it’s made from waste materials, some renewable energy is used in the manufacture of the fibre, and a closed loop system is used for the recovery of chemicals. On the other hand, the water consumption associated with the manufacture of the fibre is unclear, and we need to review a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) before we conclude whether or not to classify it as a lower-impact material. Good On You’s methodology does not yet classify cupro as a lower-impact fabric, but the improvements made to the fibre in recent years could see that change in the near future.
Bamboo
This fast-growing crop has been promoted as an apparently lower-impact option. While the crop itself is easy to grow, requiring little water and no pesticides, the processes used to turn it into a usable fabric vary on the sustainability front. While mechanically-made “bamboo linen” is inherently more sustainable, the resulting fabric is coarse: unsuitable for the soft, intimate products for which bamboo is most in demand, and not widely available.
Most bamboo fabric on the market is grown and processed in China using the viscose process. Two issues need to be addressed: ensuring the bamboo is grown responsibly and avoiding the release of harmful chemicals used in production into waterways. While in the last few years, the Chinese government has cracked down on the more problematic production processes, we remain concerned about the absence of any system of assurance that specific bamboo is grown more sustainably and processed using safe or unsafe processes.
Our verdict:
Bamboo fabric has a lot of potential as a good option. So as long as the brand is transparent about cultivation and processing, it could be a good choice. Otherwise, consider TENCEL Lyocell, made using a 99% closed-loop system, meaning chemicals are captured and reused.
Animal-derived materials
Angora
Angora is a long, silky fibre obtained from one of the four breeds of angora rabbit. The fur is highly prized for its softness, warmth, and strength. It is often blended with other wools to add softness to things like jumpers and scarves. The production of angora has come under fire since PETA released information about the appalling conditions in which it was being produced in several Chinese factories. As a result, many major fashion labels ceased using the controversial fibre.
Our verdict:
There is no recognised welfare standard for harvesting angora hair that ensures a pain-free experience for the rabbits, so we recommend avoiding angora products entirely.
Cashmere
Cashmere is one of the rarest and most luxurious fibres in the world. This exceptionally silky material is said to be three times as warm as wool and is known to be long-lasting. However, cashmere is not as sustainable as you might think: the goats this fabric comes from being the first to pay the price of cheap cashmere production. As they have very little fat, shearing them too early mid-winter means they can freeze to death. Cashmere production can also have a social impact—there’s growing concern about the working conditions of cashmere goat herders.
The increased demand for cashmere has meant herd sizes have increased, driving the desertification of Mongolian grasslands. And climate change is exacerbating these impacts: the changes in temperature in Mongolia has meant poor quality cashmere as goats need to be sheared in a narrow range of temperatures.
Our verdict:
Buy recycled or secondhand cashmere if you must have it.
Fur
Traditionally, fur was worn as a source of warmth and protection. For centuries, animals were killed for meat, with their pelts providing a practical and durable material that would keep people safe from the elements. In the 20th century, fur became a regular feature of luxury fashion when Hollywood stars appeared draped in exotic pelts. Since then, fur has been marketed as a measure of wealth and glamour—expensive and desirable. As fur’s popularity grew, fur farming became big business. At the same time, the animals involved became commodified—opening the door to inhumane practices, like being skinned alive. For many of us, wearing fur is simply cruel and to be avoided at all costs. Campaign groups such as PETA have long highlighted the inhumane practices of fur farms. That isn’t to mention all the environmental and labour issues fur-farming has, many the same as leather.
While secondhand fur is available, it still perpetuates the idea that it is okay to wear the bodies of our fellow earthlings. Numerous brands and countries have banned the farming and distribution of fur products, so don’t stay stuck in the past on this one.
Importantly, for some remote indigenous populations, animal skins and furs are one of the only sources of income available to help their communities thrive. Putting indigenous practices under the microscope while ignoring cattle farming in the West is inconsistent at best and likely has roots in racist and colonial thinking.
Our verdict:
An ethical consumer motivated by the interests of animals would avoid any new product made from fur. Good On You takes a zero-tolerance approach to brands that use fur or other non-domesticated animals.
Leather
From James Dean’s jacket to Prada’s bags, leather has earned icon status in many wardrobes. But despite the longevity and versatility of leather garments and accessories, they are unlikely to be an ethical investment. Leather is the skin of animals, the most common being livestock, but it can also be sourced from pigs, goats, sheep, crocodiles, snakes, sting rays, seals, emus, deer, fish, kangaroos, horses, cats, and dogs. Aside from the obvious issues with animal welfare, leather production has negative impacts on the environment and workers, too. It requires more water and land than almost any other material, and the tanning process involves extremely harmful chemicals like chromium 6 that end up in waterways and labourers’ bodies.
Vegetable tanning, which has long been considered “the sustainable option for tanning”, is under scrutiny about how sustainable it really is. It’s a bit better, but likely not as good as previously thought.
There are many innovative materials emerging designed to mimic the qualities of leather, from pineapple leather to cork to upcycled rubber. While the full environmental impact of these new materials has not been fully assessed, they are certainly preferable to the “faux leather” made from PVC or polyurethane (PU).
Our verdict:
Depending on your personal ethics, go for secondhand or recycled leather or avoid it altogether.
Silk
Silk is spun from the long threads that make up a silkworm’s inner cocoon. The fibres are in fact saliva, produced by the worm to insulate itself until it is time to transform. The raw silk threads are harvested and then reeled together for commercial use. The silkworms are killed during the process of extracting the silk. There have also been reports of the abuse of child slaves in India in silk production, so checking sources is important.
It is possible to find less lethal alternatives to the silk-making process. Ahimsa silk, also known as “peace silk”, allows the moth to evacuate the cocoon before it is boiled. Some silks that fall under the Ahimsa umbrella include “Eri silk” and “Tussar silk”. Unfortunately, peace silk isn’t necessarily much better for the environment.
For those who want to avoid animal silk for its negative impacts, one vegan silk innovation that is worth looking out for is vegan spider silk, though it is not widely available or scaled yet.
Our verdict:
When it comes to buying silk or its alternatives, check sources to ensure that you don’t buy into exploitation or environmental destruction.
Wool
Wool, a breathable fibre that comes from sheep, is a renewable resource with benefits like warmth, stain resistance and, in some cases, biodegradability. However, the impact of wool production on the planet and animals is significant. There is controversy over the practice of mulesing the sheep (cutting away skin to reduce flystrike, usually done without anaesthetic). We suggest avoiding purchasing wool from companies that practice mulesing. It is now banned in many countries, but not in Australia, where much of the world’s merino wool is produced.
Industrial-scale livestock grazing can also increase land clearing and degradation, and though more holistic land management methods for grazing livestock animals are gaining popularity and support, they aren’t yet widely practiced. Wool that is “superwashed” (aka infused with plastic) or blended with synthetic fabrics also loses its biodegradability.
Our verdict:
Wool does last well, and so depending on your personal ethics, it’s worth looking out for pre-loved or vintage wool items to ensure the garment gets a longer, useful life. Wool certified by the Responsible Wool Standard, ZQ Merino Standard, or the Soil Association Organic Standards can also be a decent option, baring in mind the welfare guarantees for the animals differ.
Check Four Paws’ directory for brands that have committed to avoiding mulesed wool.
Down
It can be easy to forget that people wear down feathers at all as they’re often hidden inside our clothes. Sadly, like fur and leather, the down industry is a slaughter industry.
Down comes from live plucking of ducks and geese, who sometimes have their feathers plucked out of their bodies while fully conscious. Their feathers are then sold, and when their new feathers grow back, they’re plucked again.
Not only does down production harm ducks and geese themselves, but the planet is also impacted. While down may be biodegradable, feathers are always kept inside of jackets and coats, and normally, this outer shell is not made from a biodegradable material, which acts as a barrier between the outside world and the down—meaning it won’t be able to effectively biodegrade.
Our verdict:
All down comes from ducks and geese who have been slaughtered or plucked alive. Unfortunately, there is no getting around that. Even when considering certifications like the Responsible Down Standard, birds live in factory farms up until they are killed far short of their natural lifespan and often face all sorts of harm until then.
Opt for pre-loved down coats or seek out a more ethical alternative like PrimaLoft P.U.R.E, PrimaLoft Bio, Thermore, or Flowerdown.
Synthetic fabrics
A note on synthetics
All synthetics, whether virgin or recycled, will release non-biodegradable microfibres into the environment. So while some of our advice here suggests choosing recycled options when there are no or very few alternatives to the material (such as for swimwear, or for elastane), this factor is something to consider from an environmental perspective.
Conventional polyester
Polyester is a common plastic derived from petroleum with a wide application that includes and extends beyond clothing. In fashion, we know it as the most widely produced fibre in the world, according to Textile Exchange. The majority of polyesters are not biodegradable, meaning that a polyester dress may not break down for tens, maybe even hundreds, of years. What’s more, crude oil is the primary ingredient for making polyester, and the fossil fuel industry is a massive driver of climate change.
The fashion industry has gravitated towards recycled polyester under the notion of it being more sustainable. And while recycled polyester is better than virgin polyester, it still releases microplastics when washed and contributes to the industry’s ongoing demand for synthetics, which in turn props up the fossil fuel industry.
Additionally, 98% of recycled polyester is made from plastic bottles, with textile-to-textile recycling (ie recycling existing polyester garments into a new fabric) remaining a challenge. It’s something to keep in mind as you shop, because recycled polyester doesn’t necessarily mean it is making the fashion industry itself more circular.
Our verdict:
Avoid virgin polyester, and, similar to our advice about ECONYL, try to only opt for recycled polyester when there are no other options, and for items that won’t be washed frequently.
Conventional nylon
Nylon was the first entirely synthetic fibre, created in the time of World War II. Essentially, nylon starts as a type of plastic derived from coal and crude oil that is then put through an intensive chemical process to create the strong, stretchy fibres that make it so useful as a fabric. In addition to supporting some of the world’s dirtiest industries, the manufacture of nylon has several other direct environmental impacts that means it’s bad news across the board.
ECONYL is an innovative alternative made from recycled plastic in a closed loop system. Note that products made from nylon and ECONYL are both likely to shed microfibres.
ECONYL, created by Italian firm Aquafil, uses synthetic waste such as industrial plastic, waste fabric, and fishing nets from oceans, then recycles and regenerates them into a new nylon yarn that is exactly the same quality as virgin nylon. This regeneration system focuses on six steps that form a closed loop that uses less water and creates less waste than traditional nylon production methods. Waste is collected, cleaned and shredded, depolymerised to extract nylon, polymerised, transformed into yarn, and re-commercialised into textile products.
Our verdict:
Avoid traditional nylon and instead go for ECONYL while remaining vigilant about microfibre shedding.
While ECONYL is a fantastic innovation that is helping to clear plastic waste from our oceans and protect sea life, it’s still a plastic fabric that sheds microfibres when washed (one of the biggest water pollutants). Although washing is not the only way microfibres can be shed, we recommend choosing ECONYL items that are less frequently washed like footwear, and make sure to use a washbag or washing machine filter if you buy clothing made from this (and other plastic-based) material. Companies are in the process of creating a form of ECONYL that doesn’t shed.
Fleece
Fleece is a synthetic insulating fabric that is most commonly made from a type of polyester called polyethylene terephthalate (PET), derived from petrochemicals or other synthetic fibres. It is very comfortable due to its soft and lightweight qualities, making it ideal for outdoor and activewear. Unfortunately, fleece is made from non-renewable resources and needs an extra chemical coating to make it windproof and/or water resistant—not great for the environment. Other types of fleece can be made from recycled polyester, which can be seen as a better option since recycled polyester is usually derived from waste materials such as post-consumer recycled plastic bottles.
But synthetic fibres, recycled or not, pose a problem as they are not easily biodegradable and tend to bind with molecules of harmful chemical pollutants found in wastewater, such as pesticides. Fleece, especially when it is used in frequently washed clothing, sheds microfibres. If you opt for so-called “more sustainable fleece”, you should learn how to care for it so minimal shedding occurs.
Our verdict:
As far as possible steer clear of fleece.
PVC
Polyvinyl Chloride, or PVC, is a petrochemical product that is heavily processed from start to finish and can take an enormous variety of forms. Vinyon, as the textile derivative of PVC, is popular for its weather-resistant qualities in coats, jackets, and specialist sports equipment, as well as in faux leather and fabric coatings. PVC/Vinyon is partially derived from oil or gas and requires lots of energy to react the chemicals together in its manufacture, meaning this materials is hugely reliant on fossil fuels. Couple that with the potential health risks of phthalates—the plasticisers that are added—and the overwhelming pressure of plastic waste on our oceans, and you have yourself one of the most unsustainable materials on the market.
Our verdict:
For a more sustainable wardrobe, avoid PVC.
Polyurethane (PU)
Polyurethane, or PU, is a plastic material that can exist in both rigid and flexible forms, making it a versatile and popular material with a diverse range of applications and qualities. It’s often used to make shoe soles, as an abrasion-resistant or waterproof coating for fabrics, as lamination for leather, in swimwear thanks to its elasticity, or as a type of faux leather. Polyurethane is common “vegan leather alternative”, but it comes with a whole host of its own problems, not least because it’s unlikely to biodegrade.
Polyurethane is derived from fossil fuels, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change and draining the Earth’s resources. It is also made with isocyanates which are not suggested to be harmful when hardened, but can be toxic when the material is heated or burned.
Our verdict:
Avoid polyurethane and check out our guide on plastic-free alternatives to animal-derived materials.
Faux fur
The significant ethical and environmental impacts of the fur industry have caused a shift in the industry towards ditching animal fur, which is great news. But the look of fur has remained in style and the mass-produced faux fur alternative is far from conscious. Faux fur is generally made from plastic-based materials, and that automatically speaks to negative impacts on the planet. Even more shockingly, reports in recent years have suggested that some faux fur products are mislabelled and actually contain real animal fur. This is especially common in fast fashion.
Our verdict:
Steer clear of this plastic material. If you must have it, look out for secondhand options.
Glitter
Much of the glitter available for cosmetics, craft, and clothing is made from sheets of thin plastic such as PET, coated in a shiny substance like aluminium, and cut into thousands of tiny pieces—in other words, glitter is just tiny fragments of plastic. That means every time glitter-laced clothes are rinsed or washed, it is likely contributing to microplastic pollution in our oceans, and that’s bad news for everyone.
Several companies have created so-called more responsible glitter alternatives made from biodegradable materials, but little is known about their life cycle or impact on the environment versus conventional glitter, with one study suggesting they may be just as harmful.
Our verdict:
Avoid glitter in all products.
Velvet
Velvet is a lustrous fabric with a short pile that has a very tactile quality. The word “velvet” refers to the type of fabric, not the actual fibre used, meaning that velvet can be woven from many types of yarn including silk, viscose, polyester, or nylon. Synthetic fibres are most commonly used in modern fashion and especially fast fashion and they often feel rougher and not very breathable, while silk-velvet, which is what the fabric is historically woven from, has a much more fluid and smooth handle.
Our verdict:
The most sustainable approach to buying velvet is either shopping secondhand or seeking out viscose-velvet that carries some credible claim or certification that the viscose has been sourced sustainably, rather than from ancient or endangered forests.
Rubber
Rubber is a strong and stretchy material that can either be natural or synthetic. It can be soft or hard, and this versatility means it can be used in a wide variety of items.
Natural rubber is made using latex: the runny, milky-white sap that oozes from certain plants and trees when you cut into them. But because industries can’t produce enough natural rubber to meet demand, they also make synthetic rubber, which is produced with chemicals. The most well-known synthetic rubbers are neoprene (the material used in most wetsuits) and emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber (E-SBR), used for making tyres.
Our verdict:
Overall, new rubber, even when natural, isn’t the most sustainable or ethical material, but we are seeing some progress. If you’re interested in buying an item that contains rubber, we recommend checking where the material comes from and if it is fairly and responsibly sourced. Recycled rubber is also an excellent, more sustainable option.
Once your item has reached the end of its life, check with your local waste processing facilities to see if they will accept it for further recycling.
Acetate
Acetate is a human-made, semi-synthetic material derived from cellulose. Because of its silk-like qualities, it’s used as a fibre to make dresses, linings, curtains, or furnishings. And because it can soften when heated and return to a hardened state when cooled, acetate can also be used to make accessories like jewellery, glasses, and sunglasses. Acetate has gained popularity in recent years, being touted as a more responsible alternative to plastic for producing eyewear.
Our verdict:
Be wary when buying items made from acetate. Good On You, doesn’t consider acetate a preferred lower-impact material: “It’s better than virgin plastics, but it’s more like choosing the better of two evils,” says head of ratings Kristian Hardiman.
If you do opt for acetate, terms to look out for are “bio-acetate” or “bio-plastic”, which generally mean a higher percentage of the material is made from plants, rather than oil.
You should also pick a high-quality, long-lasting, and timeless product, as the best thing you can do with acetate is keep it in circulation for as long as possible. Finally, double-check the cellulose (ie wood pulp) comes from responsible sources like FSC or PEFC-certified plantations and is produced in a regulated environment.
Other
Deadstock
Deadstock means any leftover fabric that isn’t being used for its original purpose or order fulfilment anymore, so the sustainability of the fabric itself comes down to what it is, from viscose to cotton and beyond. It might come from brands that ordered too much fabric, from mills producing incorrect colours or damaged or flawed fabric, or from cancelled orders.
Deadstock can often be a more sustainable option than virgin materials and it does help to make the industry more circular, since these materials might otherwise have ended up in landfill or incineration. But the answer to the question of whether it’s sustainable across the board isn’t a simple yes or no. In fact, the very existence of deadstock is a symptom of a much deeper problem in fashion—overproduction and overconsumption.
Our verdict:
In our current system and until the issue of overproduction is addressed at an industry level, supporting otherwise ethical brands that use quality deadstock fabric in their designs is a good option. That is, as long as they implement other meaningful waste-reduction and climate change-reduction strategies into their business and don’t attribute the use of deadstock as their leading sustainability initiative. If they do, chances are there’s a bit of greenwashing going on—intentionally or not.
The post What Are You Wearing? The Ultimate Clothing Material Guide appeared first on Good On You.
