Payday Pulse: America’s Growing Mountain of Debt

Payday Pulse: America’s Growing Mountain of Debt

Higher everyday costs have made cash-flow timing more fragile for many households. As a result, more workers lean on borrowing to cover near-essentials and stay flexible.

This graphic, in partnership with Payactiv, shows America’s mountain of debt across major non-housing categories using data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

The Mountain of Debt Has Shifted Beyond Housing

Here is a table that shows quarterly, inflation-adjusted debt levels from 2003 to 2025 in trillions of USD, split by category.

Even after adjusting for inflation, non-housing balances rise across cycles in the dataset. Still, the dip around 2010 reflects defaults and paydowns after the subprime mortgage crisis.

Since then, balances have been rebuilt, and higher rates can magnify interest costs.

Rising consumer debt inevitably leads to higher interest payments. In Q1 2025, the average U.S. household paid about $4,214 per year in non-mortgage interest.

Auto and Student Loans Act Like Near-Essentials

Auto and student loans often fund commuting and credentials, so households treat them as near-essentials. However, these categories now drive much of the rise highlighted in the graphic.

In Q3 2025, student loans stood at about $1.65T, auto loans at about $1.66T, and credit cards at about $1.23T. For those with the deepest debt relative to their income, interest charges can crowd out savings and emergency funds.

Credit cards often fill short gaps when budgets tighten. Consequently, workers may prioritize minimum payments and delay building buffers.

Using Earned Wages Earlier, Without New Debt

Debt can support big goals, yet short timing gaps can push workers into avoidable interest or fees. Because paychecks arrive later than bills, even small mismatches can snowball.

Earned Wage Access (EWA) lets employees access already-earned wages earlier through an employer-connected payroll flow.

Give employees access to earned wages.