Synergistic and autocatalytic proton shuttle with a bifunctional solid acid in low-toxic molten salt hydrate for efficient levulinic acid production from cellulose

Green Chem., 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6GC00488A, Paper

Zhenbang Liu, Shenghui Zhou, Jiangang Wang, Jinghua Wang, Hongyou Cui
Acid-free, pretreatment-free conversion of crystalline cellulose to levulinic acid (85.8% yield) via LiCl·3H₂O/NbP/HZSM-5 synergy. Features self-acceleration, self-circulation, and reduced activation energy (ΔEa = 68.91, 67.68 kJ/mol).
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